How-to Guide
Step-by-step protocols and practical guides for implementing mental practice interventions. From basic motor imagery to advanced combined approaches and delivery considerations.
How to do Action Observation (AO)
Systematic protocols for implementing action observation therapy in clinical and performance settings
Basic AO Protocol (5 Steps)
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1
Select Appropriate Video Model
Choose videos showing the target movement performed correctly by a skilled model. Video should be clear, filmed from an optimal viewing angle, and match the patient/athlete capability level.
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2
Provide Attention-Directing Cues
Before viewing, instruct the observer what to focus on (e.g. "Watch the shoulder rotation" or "Notice when the heel strikes the ground"). Specific cues enhance learning.
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3
Observe Video (3-5 minutes)
Watch the video 3-5 times. Initial viewings at normal speed, then slow-motion to observe details. The observer should be relaxed and attentive, imagining performing the movement themselves.
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4
Immediate Physical Practice (5-10 minutes)
Following observation, physically practise the movement. AO primes the motor system; immediate physical practice consolidates learning. Repeat the observation-practice cycle 2-3 times per session.
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5
Progress Systematically
Start with simple movements, progress to complex. Increase speed as accuracy improves. Typical programme: 3-5 sessions per week for 4-6 weeks.
AO Best Practices
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Use Multiple Viewing Angles
Sagittal, frontal, and first-person perspectives enhance learning
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Match Model to Observer
Similar age/ability increases identification and motivation
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Keep Videos Short
2-3 minute clips maintain attention better than long recordings
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Minimise Distractions
Plain background, appropriate lighting, no irrelevant audio